That’s exactly the problem we have over here. You can’t become a cop and change the culture. The culture is mandatory. They seek it out and train it it, and the ones who won’t at least turn a blind eye to it aren’t allowed to stay.
It’s important to also point out that a huge portion of the population carries guns. There’s no reason to assume that someone armed is a threat at all, and statistics bear that out. In the south of the US even most liberals don’t think twice about the number of guns they encounter every day. The reason why police are a unique situation is , obviously, partially because they deal with criminals, and partially because of their confrontational and aggressive approach to most situations. It’s not so much that you got to deal with a good or bad cop. It’s more that you got to deal with a cop in a good or bad mood. They way they choose to interact with you has very little to do with things you can control.
Plenty of episodes where crew members get trapped in caverns where the transporter can’t reach and they have to set up pattern enhancers. I would assume the miners are done ng just that, setting up pattern enhancers to increase range to whatever they’re trying to get to.
It also makes sense that ships would have overpowered, top of the line transporters and replicators. At least the best ships. I would assume that there are different spec l, lower quality devices in use. This was my main takeaway from lower decks. We’re used to seeing the best of the best on the enterprise. So yeah, if all of Starfleet was that good, both tech and people, they wouldn’t have so many problems. But it evidently isn’t.